Significance Of Ethics In Computing!

The Significance of ethics in computing includes the following:

1.Professional Ethics:

There are different types of computer professional. These professional include the programmer, system analyst, network administrator and computer operator etc. Professional ethics are related to the ethics of those persons who work in computer systems.

Computer professional must consider the ethical implications of their actions in developing and administrating computer systems. They are many professional organizations that have developed different codes of ethics. A well-known organization's Association for Computing Organization (ACM) has developed a Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.

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The code is divided into three functions:

·         General Principals

·         Professional Responsibilities

·         Guidelines for Organization Systems

2. Programmer Responsibility

It is the responsibility of a programmer to correct all bugs discovered in the software. The software cannot be bug-free totally but the programmer must decide the required testing. He should also decide how many minor bugs are acceptable in software. The programmer should not certify the software for release until a certain level of testing is achieved.

3. Ethical Use of Computer

The computer must be used ethically in the business environment. The non-professional user must also be familiar with ethical principles. It includes the following:

·         Data Quality: It means that user is responsible for the quality of data entered in the system. The procedures must be implemented to detect and correct inaccurate data.

·         Opt-in-Policy: It indicates that the consumers must agree with a privacy policy that authorizes their personal data to be released to a third party.

·         Opt-out-Policy: It indicates that the consumer is assumed to be agreed they are released of their personal data to a third party.

·         Digital Altering Data: The graphics software can be used to alter the photographs etc. The user must decide how much alternation is ethical.

World Wide Web (WWW) Are Uses In Various Field

WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called Web. It was launched in 1989 at the European Particle material science Laboratory in Geneva. It gives the office to distribute the data on the web. It is a collection of documents or web pages stored on the web serves connected on the internet around the world.

A page is a record on the World Wide Web. Site pages are otherwise called hypertext archives. A Web page may contain text, graphics, audio, and video etc. Anyone can view the web pages through a web browser. A collection of related web pages is called website. Each website has a unique address. Sites are put away on a host PC on the Internet. These PC are known as a web server.

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Uses of WWW:

The uses of www are as follows:

1: Advertisement: Manufactures use WWW to provide information about products.

2: Shopping: It is possible for the user to buy an item using WWW. You can see the products and prices, and even order them by using your credit card etc.

3: Flight Information: It is used to provide the latest information on flights arrivals and departures.

4: Celebrities: Important celebrities can contact their fans, provide information about them and send their pictures.

5: Government Authorities: Government authorities can provide information about services and facilities for the people.

6: News: Most daily papers have their own site. Most recent news and meetings are given on these sites.

7: Search Engines: Search engine is the website that provides the facility to find the required website on the particular topic.

8: Medical: Many sites in the world detailed information on diseases. You can also consult a panel of online doctors to get the device about any medical problem.

How Devices On A Network Communicate!

The devices on a network communicate by Communications Protocol & Network Standards.

Communications:

                  The communications protocols determine how devices on a network communicate. The term standard refers to a set of criteria or requirements that have been approved by a recognized standards organization or accepted as a standard by the industry. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and IEEE are two example of standard organization. IEEE develops networking standards. The standards are very important in the computer industry because they help hardware and software manufacturers to ensure that the products are compatible with other computing products.

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Network Standards:

                 Networks standards define how the devices in a network connection such as the types of cables or wireless technology used and the speed used on different types of networks. They also define how the devices communicate such as the communications protocols used.

Used:

·       Ethernet (802.3):

       Ethernet (802.3) is the most widely used standard for wired networks. It is typically used with LANs that have a star topology. It is inexpensive and easy to install and manage.

Ethernet standard does not specify any central computer or devices on the network when data can be transmitted. Each node attempts to transmit data when it determines that the network available to receive communication.

·        Token Ring:

         Token ring is a network standard that is typically used in LAN. It allows network devices to access the network by passing a special signal called token. The token is like a ticket. A device can transmit data over the network only if it has a token. Only one token is available in one network. That is why no collision can occur. But the data transmission rate is slow. When the computer wants to send a message, it

·        Gets the token.

·        Puts the data in the token.

·        Adds the address of receiving the computer.

·       TCP/IP:

         TCP/IP stands for Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol. It is the most widely used communication protocol today. It is used to transfer data over the internet and consists of two protocols. The Transmission control protocol (TCP) is responsible for the delivery of the data and internet protocol (IP) provides addresses and routing information.

TCP/IP uses packet switching to transmit data over the internet.

·       Bluetooth:

         Bluetooth is a network protocol that defines the method for transmission of data between two Bluetooth devices using short-range radio waves. The devices must be within a distance of 33 feet. However, the distance can be extended using additional equipment.

A Bluetooth device uses a small chip to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. Most of the current operating system has built-in support for Bluetooth.

·        Wi-Fi:

          WIFI is developed by IEEE and specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other. It is a family of wireless networking standards that uses IEEE 802.11 standard. There are various versions of the standard that support different speeds and distances. The common standards include 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 801.11nac, and 802.11ad. Most mobile and smartphones are Wi-Fi-enabled.

   

Decision Support Systems Tell How To Make Decision!

A decision support system helps users to analyze the information and make decisions. It is often used by middle and executive managers when unstructured and unpredictable information is a need for decisions. DSSs may include data from internal and external sources.

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Sources:

         They are two sources of decision support systems.

Internal sources:

             The internal sources include sale orders, inventory records or financial data.

External sources:

             The external data include interest rates, current construction costs, and other economic indicators.

Uses:

·      Decision makers use DSSs to design decision models and make queries.

·      A decision model is a numerical representation of a realistic situation such as a cash-flow model of a business.

·      DSS typically includes modeling tools such as spreadsheets for the managers to create a numerical representation of a situation.

·      DSS usually includes data from an organization transaction processing system.

Characteristics of DSS:

                  Some important characteristics of a decision support system are as follow:

·      DSS support non-routine decision making for middle managers.

·      It provides sophisticated analytical models and data analysis tools to support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making activities.

·      It uses information from TPS, MIS and outer sources and enabled chiefs to perform imagine a scenario in which investigation.

·      It focuses on problems that are unique and rapidly changing.

Expansion Cards Perform Extra Functionality In Computer!

An Expansion Cards is used to add the extra functionality to a computer. It connects additional peripheral devices to the computer. It is interested in an expansion slot on the motherboard of a computer. An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an expansion card. Different expansion cards can be plugged into the expansion slot. A motherboard has different expansion slots on it to connect different expansion cards. Expansion cards are also known as the adapter card, adapter motherboard or add-on card.

The purposes of the expansion cards are to enhance the existing capability of the computer. For example, most desktop computers have a sound card to connect a microphone, headphone, and speakers. Most computers also include graphics cards to connect a monitor.

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Some motherboards include all necessary capabilities and do not require adapter cards. Other motherboards may require adapter cards. Desktop computers and serve use adapter cards whereas mobile computers use USB adapters and ExpressCard modules.

Types Of Expansion Cards:

Different types of Expansion cards are as follows:

·         Video Card:

A video card is an expansion card that translates binary data into the images to be viewed on the monitor. It is also called a display adapter, graphics cards, video adapter, video boards, or video controller. Most video cards today come with a video memory of 256MB to 2GB.

·         Sound Card:

A Soundcard provides connections for the microphone and speaker sound. It inputs sound through the microphone and converts it into a form that can be processed by the computer. It outputs the sound through speakers or headphone. It is also known as an audio card.

·         Network Interface Card (NIC):

A network card is a circuit board that is used to communicate over a network and accesses the internet. It connected with Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection. Many motherboards have worked in arrange associations however a system card can likewise be added to an extension space.

·         TV Tuner Card:

TV Tuner Card is used to watch television, capture video, and surf the Internet at the same time. It is also known as television boards and personal video recorder cards. It contains a TV Tuner and video converter that changes TV signal in a form that can be displayed on the monitor.

TCP Provides The Full Transport Layer Services To Applications!

TCP stands for transmission control protocol. It provides the full transport layer services to applications. It is a reliable steam transport port-to-port protocol. The term steam means the connection-oriented. It means the sender cannot send a message until the receiver is contacted and agrees to the communication. TCP generates a virtual circuit between sender and receiver by creating this connection. The connection remains active for the duration of a transmission. In this way, the receiver knows to expect the entire transmission rather than a single packet.

TCP is a connection-oriented service. It is responsible for the reliable delivery of the entire steam of bits contained in the message generated by the sending application. Reliability is ensured by providing error detection and retransmission of damaged frames. All segments must be received and acknowledge before the transmission is considered complete and the virtual circuit is discarded.

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At the sending end, TCP separates the long transmission into littler data units and bundles each into a casing called segment. Each segment incorporates a sequencing number for recording after receipt and affirmation ID number. Segments are carried across networks links inside of the IP Datagram. At the receiving end, TCP Collects each datagram and records the transmission based on the sequence number.

Features OF the TCP:

Some of the important features of the Transmission Control Protocol are as follows:

Ø  Connecting Opening:

On the sending host, a process such as a Web browser issues a request to send data to a destination host such as Web server. TCP creates an initial segment designed to open the connection between the sender and receiver. In this initial contact, the two systems exchange IP addresses and port numbers and set up the following control and sequencing.

Ø  Flow Control:

The sending and receiving host exchange the number of bytes to be accepted at on the time. In this way, the sender sends as the amount of data that can be handled by the receiver. The amount of data can be changed as the circumstances change on the machine.

Ø  Sequencing:

Every segment is assigned a sequence number. The sequence number is stored in the first byte in every segment. This technique is used by the receiving host to reassemble any segments that arrive out of order.

Ø  Acknowledgment:

When TCP transmits a segment, it holds the segments in a queue until the receiving TCP issues an acknowledgment that the segment has been received. The sender retransmits the segments if it does not receive the acknowledgment.

Ø  Error Detection:

A value in the header is used by the receiver to test the integrity of the incoming segment. The receiver sends an error message to the sender if the segment is the corrupted. The sender then immediately retransmits the segment.

Ø  Connection Closing:

The connection is closed when no more data is to be sent. The sending TCP sends a segment that tells the receiver that the socket should be closed. 

Latest 2018 Spreadsheet Software to Solve Calculations!

Spreadsheet Software is widely used in a different application for calculations. Millions of people use spreadsheet software to perform the different tasks more quickly and efficiently. It provides the worksheets to enter a data. A worksheet is a collection of rows and columns. It allows the user t make different calculations using formulas and built in different functions. The spreadsheet also provides the faculty to displays data graphically using charts. Some examples of spreadsheet software are the Microsoft Excel, IWork Numbers, Google Docs Spreadsheets and Liber Office Calc.

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Applications Of Spreadsheets:

Some important applications of spreadsheet software are as follows:

·         It can be used by corporations to track profit and loses

·         Economists can generate growth graphs of the country economy

·         Statisticians can calculate the likelihood of slamming the market

·         Women can deal with their family spending plans

Advantages:

Computerized spreadsheets can compute information effectively, precise and all the more proficiently. Large amounts of numbers are added, subtracted, multiple, and divided. At the point when new data is keen on existing spreadsheets, revised calculations are performed consequently.

·         It increases the ease and speed of calculating.

·         It makes it easy to modify information and recalculate automatically.

·         It shows numeric information as a diagram or charts.

·         It joins numeric information into another software applications.

Disadvantages:

The disadvantages of the spreadsheets are as following:

·         Spreadsheets software can't process an expansive volume of information rapidly.

·         It does not give much programming facilities.

Features of Spreadsheet Software:

Some important features of the Spreadsheets software are as follows:

Calculation:

Spreadsheet programming gives the facility to perform distinctive kinds of counts by utilizing equations and functions.

Recalculations:

Recalculations is an imperative and powerful feature of the spreadsheet software. The outcomes are consequently recalculated when there is any adjustment in worksheet information.

AutoFill:

AutoFill is used to automatically fill the cell with the series of numbers and data etc.

Sorting:

Sorting is the way of organizing your information in a specific request. You can sort the information in your worksheets is ascending or descending order.

Auditing:

This feature allows the user to find the cells used in a formula. Spreadsheet displays the arrows to all cells, which are used in that formula.

Printing:

Spreadsheet software gives the printing facility. The client can print the reports to get a printed copy. Printing can be an entire record or of any range.

Uses of Spreadsheet Software in Commerce:

The students of commerce can use Spreadsheet software in the following ways:

Worksheet & Workbook:

Different tasks in commerce are performed using the worksheet and workbook. Spreadsheet software provides computerized worksheet and workbook. It provides an easy and efficient way to maintain data.

Stock Handling:

Spreadsheet software can be used to handle the stock of an organization. It provides the many facilities for commerce people to perform complex calculations in stock management.

Record Keeping:

Spreadsheet software can be used in commerce for record keeping. An organization can manage its data in spreadsheet software. It provides many facilities to store a large volume of data in an easy and efficient manner.

Predefined Functions:

Spreadsheet software provides many predefined functions to perform many tasks of commerce. The user has to put less effort in performing difficult tasks.

Graphical Representation:

Spreadsheet software provides the facility of presenting data graphically as it provides different types of charts. Charts display the data in an attractive and easy to understand way.

Web Applications Is More Efficient then Other Apps!

The web application or web app is a type of software that is accessed through a Web browser. Most Web apps do not require any installation on the computer or handled device. The software typically runs on a remote computer connected to the internet or network. The computer requires a Web browser and an internet connection to use the Web apps. The user can visit the specific website and use the required Web app. Many Web apps are available free of cost whereas some require a fee to use.

The use of the Web-based software is growing rapidly. Many business software services are offered as SaaS like scheduling, customer service, accounting, project management system etc. These applications require a subscription fee per user per month. The companies that deliver SaaS are called application service providers (ASPs).

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Web apps are an example of cloud computing. They also are known as Software as a Service (SaaS) or Cloudware. Some popular Web apps include Hotmail, Google Docs, OneDrive and ThinkFree Online.

Advantages:

Ø  Web app can be accessed from any PC with the Web browser and an internet connection.

Ø  Some Web apps can also be accessed via a mobile phone and other mobile devices.

Ø  The data is usually stored on Web apps website and can be accessed from anywhere.

Ø  Web apps are always up to date and the user does not have to install updates.

Ø  Web apps do not require local storage spaces.

Disadvantages:

Ø  Web apps may become slow then applications stored on the local hard drive.

Ø  Web applications typically have fewer features then applications installed locally.

Ø  Many Web applications put a limit on the file of the size of the documents.

Ø  The user cannot be accessed on the Web app and stored data if the server goes down or if there is no internet access.

Ø  The data may be more vulnerable to exposure or loss because it is out of user control.

Information about the Supercomputers!

Supercomputers are the fastest and the most powerful computer. It is the biggest of the size and more expensive in the price than any other computers. It is used to perform complex tasks. It has a huge storage limit and can store a few thousands of times the great number of information than a normal personal computer. It additionally expends so much vitality. It can process trillions of instructions in a few seconds.

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The modern supercomputer consists of the thousands of the microprocessors. The cost of the one supercomputers can be up to the several thousand billion dollars.

Examples:

Examples of the supercomputers are as follows:

·         Roadrunner

·         Blue Gene

·         Deep Blue

·         ASCI White

Uses Of Supercomputers:

v  Supercomputers are mostly used for the weather predictions, weapon design and atomic research etc.

v  Supercomputers are also used in business and industry field.

v  Aircraft makers utilize it to reproduce aircraft and check its execution.

v  Governments use supercomputers for different calculations and heavy jobs.

v  Many Hollywood movies use it for animation purposes.

Amazing Information about the Optical Scanner!

An Optical scanner is also called the scanner. It is the light-detecting input gadgets that peruse printed content or illustrations and deciphers it in the digital form. The checked imaged can be utilized for the different purposes as follows:

Ø  It can be displayed on the screen.

Ø  It can be printed on the paper.

Ø  It can be also be sent via email.

Ø  It can be posted on a web page.

Ø  It can be also stored permanently for later use.

The quality of the scanned image depends on the resolutions. Resolution describes the sharpness of an image. It is usually measured in the dpi. The typical scanner scans at a resolution of 300 or 600 dpi. Professional scanner usually scans at 1200 dpi or more. The highest resolutions result in a better image but also creates a large file size. Many scanners also provide optical character recognition (OCR) software. OCR software can read the document image and then convert it into text that can be edited in a word processor.

Types of Optical Scanner:

Different types of Optical Scanner are as follows:

·        Flatbed Scanner:

Flatbed scanner is the most commonly used a scanner. It is also known as image scanner. It inputs one page at a time. It works like a photocopy machine. The image to be scanned is placed on a glass surface and the scanner records on the image. It is generally used as a home and office to scan photos, book pages and other documents etc.

·        Sheetfed Scanner:

A Sheetfed scanner works similarly to be a flatbed scanner but documents are interested on the top of the scanner like a fax machine. This design reduces the scanner’s cost and the amount of required space. It also enables automatic sheet feeding. In any case, this element additionally keeps the gadgets from scanning the bound-book pages or different records thicker or bigger than a sheet of paper.

·        Handheld Scanner:

A Handheld scanner is a portable scanner. It is typically can scan only 2 to 5 inches at a time. Handheld scanner are useful to input small amount of data. The scanner must be moved over the image to be scanned by hand. Some handheld scanners include trays to keep the scanner moving in a straight line. It is designed to scan short articles and single lines like the web addresses, names or phone numbers. Handheld scanner are typically powered by batteries.

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